While those of us who live along the Colorado Front Range enjoy abundant sunshine and a mild, semiarid climate, there is plenty of aquatic habitat along the urban corridor. One of the best places to observe water-loving birds and mammals is South Platte Park, which stretches across the river's floodplain from the northern edge of Chatfield Reservoir State Park to the outskirts of downtown Littleton. A mosaic of ponds, lakes, wetlands, meadows and riparian woodlands, the Park is accessed by a paved bikeway, its parallel walking path and a number of adjoining trail loops. An Interpretive Center, west of Santa Fe Drive and north of Mineral, introduces visitors to the varied fauna and flora of the Park.
On this mild, clear morning, the refuge was teeming with birds, including many that non-Coloradans might not associate with our State. A dozen American white pelicans moved among the lakes or fished in the shallows, joined by a large number of double-crested cormorants, scattered great blue herons, a pair of snowy egrets, a flotilla of common mergansers, noisy flocks of Canada geese and a varied assortment of ducks (primarily mallards, gadwall and wood ducks). Tree and barn swallows swooped above the ponds, a Swainson's hawk circled overhead, belted kingfishers chattered along the river and a wide assortment of songbirds moved among the trees and cattails; these included yellow warblers, common yellowthroats, American and lesser goldfinches, western wood pewees, northern orioles, house wrens, northern flickers, downy woodpeckers and those ever-vocal red-winged blackbirds. A lone black-crowned night heron, spooked from his shadowy haunt, was my final sighting of the morning.
Though represented only by fox squirrels, cottontails and black-tailed prairie dogs this morning, a variety of mammals also inhabit the Park and are best seen at dawn or dusk. Among these residents are mule and white-tailed deer, red fox, coyotes, beaver, muskrats, raccoons, striped skunks, meadow voles and deer mice; mountain lions and black bear are potential visitors but are rarely encountered.
Tampilkan postingan dengan label ecosystems. Tampilkan semua postingan
Tampilkan postingan dengan label ecosystems. Tampilkan semua postingan
Selasa, 10 Juli 2012
Senin, 25 Juni 2012
The Lena River Delta
On satellite imagery, the Lena River Delta on the northern coast of Siberia gives the appearance of a fan coral, its braided channels and numerous lakes forming an intricate pattern across the Arctic tundra. It is this landscape of countless pools and waterways that attracts huge congregations of loons, grebes, shorebirds and waterfowl to this 11,600 square mile wetland to nest and raise their young during the brief Arctic summer.
The Lena River, the second largest stream in Siberia, rises a few miles west of Lake Baikal, flowing northward and gradually eastward for 2700 miles to its delta on the Laptev Sea. There it delivers tons of sediment each year, gradually enlarging and enriching the delta which is also an important spawining area for Arctic fish. Nesting birds of note include red-necked grebes, four species of loon, whooper and tundra swans, bean geese, black brant, king and Steller's eiders, long-tailed ducks, Ross's and Sabine's gulls and numerous shorebird species. Of course, willow grouse, rock ptarmigan, snowy owls, peregrine falcons and a wide variety of Arctic songbirds also inhabit the delta. Resident mammals include gray wolves, Arctic fox, wolverines, least weasels, stoats, lemmings, tundra voles and reindeer; beluga whales, walruses and a variety of seals often visit the area.
Fortunately, most of this vast tundra wetland is protected within the Lena River Delta Nature Reserve, the largest nature preserve in Russia. Visited only by the most adventurous naturalists, this spectacular but remote site is relatively free of human disturbance; nevertheless, the Lena, like all rivers on our planet, is tainted by pollutants from agriculture, mining, industry and sewage and their long term effects on the delta ecosystem is yet to be determined.
The Lena River, the second largest stream in Siberia, rises a few miles west of Lake Baikal, flowing northward and gradually eastward for 2700 miles to its delta on the Laptev Sea. There it delivers tons of sediment each year, gradually enlarging and enriching the delta which is also an important spawining area for Arctic fish. Nesting birds of note include red-necked grebes, four species of loon, whooper and tundra swans, bean geese, black brant, king and Steller's eiders, long-tailed ducks, Ross's and Sabine's gulls and numerous shorebird species. Of course, willow grouse, rock ptarmigan, snowy owls, peregrine falcons and a wide variety of Arctic songbirds also inhabit the delta. Resident mammals include gray wolves, Arctic fox, wolverines, least weasels, stoats, lemmings, tundra voles and reindeer; beluga whales, walruses and a variety of seals often visit the area.
Fortunately, most of this vast tundra wetland is protected within the Lena River Delta Nature Reserve, the largest nature preserve in Russia. Visited only by the most adventurous naturalists, this spectacular but remote site is relatively free of human disturbance; nevertheless, the Lena, like all rivers on our planet, is tainted by pollutants from agriculture, mining, industry and sewage and their long term effects on the delta ecosystem is yet to be determined.
Rabu, 20 Juni 2012
Colorado's Beetles & Wildfires
After dealing with an overwhelming pine beetle blight for the past few years, Colorado residents now face what, so far, is a devastating fire season. A modest winter snowpack, combined with a dry spring, has set the stage for lightening and human-induced forest fires. In addition, the presence of so many dead pine trees will surely exacerbate that threat.
Our human-centric view of nature often leads to false conclusions about man's role in the occurrence of "natural disasters." Many are quick to blame fire-suppression policies for both the beetle blight and the wildfires while others see the hand of God, a biblical punishment for the ills of human society . But natural wildfires play a vital role in the maintenance of forest ecosystems, clearing out dead wood, opening the canopy and allowing the seeds of certain trees (lodgepole pines, for example) to germinate. In like manner, pine bark beetles attack stressed or diseased trees and their massive infestations, which probably occur every century or so, restore forests with a diverse assembly of young, healthy trees. While it is an unwelcome sight for residents and tourists, the remnant landscape of dead or burned trees is a necessary stage in the life of a forest; unfortunately, when viewed from the perspective of our brief human life span, it appears all too permanent.
Aspen trees, which spread by suckering and take advantage of clearings in the coniferous forests, will likely be the primary beneficiaries of these "disasters" in the short run. Humans who chose to reside in western forests are among the primary victims, losing pristine scenery if not their homes. Like those who live on barrier islands or along river floodplains, they were taking a chance; most will be philosophical, acknowledging the risk that comes with living in the Colorado mountains and respecting the natural forces that, over the centuries, mold our landscape.
Our human-centric view of nature often leads to false conclusions about man's role in the occurrence of "natural disasters." Many are quick to blame fire-suppression policies for both the beetle blight and the wildfires while others see the hand of God, a biblical punishment for the ills of human society . But natural wildfires play a vital role in the maintenance of forest ecosystems, clearing out dead wood, opening the canopy and allowing the seeds of certain trees (lodgepole pines, for example) to germinate. In like manner, pine bark beetles attack stressed or diseased trees and their massive infestations, which probably occur every century or so, restore forests with a diverse assembly of young, healthy trees. While it is an unwelcome sight for residents and tourists, the remnant landscape of dead or burned trees is a necessary stage in the life of a forest; unfortunately, when viewed from the perspective of our brief human life span, it appears all too permanent.
Aspen trees, which spread by suckering and take advantage of clearings in the coniferous forests, will likely be the primary beneficiaries of these "disasters" in the short run. Humans who chose to reside in western forests are among the primary victims, losing pristine scenery if not their homes. Like those who live on barrier islands or along river floodplains, they were taking a chance; most will be philosophical, acknowledging the risk that comes with living in the Colorado mountains and respecting the natural forces that, over the centuries, mold our landscape.
Senin, 30 April 2012
Divisions of Hunting
To my knowledge, all States have a Division of Wildlife or a Department of Natural Resources, charged with protecting that State's native fauna and flora as well as cooperating with federal programs to manage wetlands for migrant waterfowl. Beyond their role in protecting open space, these State agencies also participate in the restoration of natural habitat and the reintroduction of once native species. In the course of doing so, they provide vital habitat for a wide range of plants and animals and extend the opportunity for many citizens to study and observe their wild neighbors.
Nevertheless, these Divisions and Departments are, to a large extent, funded by revenue from hunting licenses and their publications, while paying homage to a diversity of wildlife, tend to focus on hunting and fishing opportunities on the lands that they manage. Of course, one can be both a conservationist and a hunter and, unfortunately, hunting has become essential to the control of species such as white-tailed deer. We have, after all, eliminated the wild predators that once kept these populations in check.
Ideally, the reintroduction of native species would include an effort to balance predator and prey populations. However, U.S. Divisions of Wildlife have a long history of supporting the reintroduction of prey species while restricting or completely prohibiting the recovery of their natural predators; this policy appears to be a response to pressure from ranchers, who fear loss of their cattle or sheep, and a nod to hunters who relish the opportunity to control the herbivores themselves. Thus, State wildlife officials continue to reintroduce species such as moose and elk without bringing the wolves and cougars along; by doing so, they have become Divisions of Hunting, answerable primarily to those who fund their work.
Nevertheless, these Divisions and Departments are, to a large extent, funded by revenue from hunting licenses and their publications, while paying homage to a diversity of wildlife, tend to focus on hunting and fishing opportunities on the lands that they manage. Of course, one can be both a conservationist and a hunter and, unfortunately, hunting has become essential to the control of species such as white-tailed deer. We have, after all, eliminated the wild predators that once kept these populations in check.
Ideally, the reintroduction of native species would include an effort to balance predator and prey populations. However, U.S. Divisions of Wildlife have a long history of supporting the reintroduction of prey species while restricting or completely prohibiting the recovery of their natural predators; this policy appears to be a response to pressure from ranchers, who fear loss of their cattle or sheep, and a nod to hunters who relish the opportunity to control the herbivores themselves. Thus, State wildlife officials continue to reintroduce species such as moose and elk without bringing the wolves and cougars along; by doing so, they have become Divisions of Hunting, answerable primarily to those who fund their work.
Rabu, 11 April 2012
White River NWR
The bad news? White River NWR is currently flooded and almost totally inaccessible to humans without boats. The good news? White River NWR is currently flooded and is almost totally inaccessible to humans. How refreshing to discover that we have at least one portion of a major river that has not been channelized, dammed or corralled by levees for the benefit of human recreation. And, of course, letting rivers flood is essential to protecting what little remains of bottomland forests along the Mississippi Valley and elsewhere on our planet.
Established in 1935 to protect wintering habitat for waterfowl as well as this remaining tract of swamp forest, White River NWR hosts up to 350,000 ducks and geese each winter and is home to a wide range of wildlife, including American alligators, black bears, bald eagles and, possibly, ivory-billed woodpeckers. Though my observations were limited to fringe areas today, graveled roads and five trails provide access to the heart of the refuge when conditions permit. For those who have not visited in the past, I suggest a stop at the refuge Visitor Center, in St. Charles, Arkansas, to obtain maps and to find out what areas might be open to the public; some sections are closed from November through February to protect wintering waterfowl from human disturbance.
Nearly 90 miles long and up to 10 miles wide, White River NWR harbors a vibrant ecosystem; in addition to the vast bottomland, hardwood forest are numerous lakes, ponds, sloughs, bayous and marshlands. Wading birds, especially common and varied during the warmer months, are present throughout the year, as are barred owls, pileated woodpeckers, belted kingfishers and red-headed woodpeckers. In spring, prothonotary warblers, scarlet tanagers, yellow-breasted chats, yellow-billed cuckoos and a host of other summer songbirds add color to the deep, dark woods.
Established in 1935 to protect wintering habitat for waterfowl as well as this remaining tract of swamp forest, White River NWR hosts up to 350,000 ducks and geese each winter and is home to a wide range of wildlife, including American alligators, black bears, bald eagles and, possibly, ivory-billed woodpeckers. Though my observations were limited to fringe areas today, graveled roads and five trails provide access to the heart of the refuge when conditions permit. For those who have not visited in the past, I suggest a stop at the refuge Visitor Center, in St. Charles, Arkansas, to obtain maps and to find out what areas might be open to the public; some sections are closed from November through February to protect wintering waterfowl from human disturbance.
Nearly 90 miles long and up to 10 miles wide, White River NWR harbors a vibrant ecosystem; in addition to the vast bottomland, hardwood forest are numerous lakes, ponds, sloughs, bayous and marshlands. Wading birds, especially common and varied during the warmer months, are present throughout the year, as are barred owls, pileated woodpeckers, belted kingfishers and red-headed woodpeckers. In spring, prothonotary warblers, scarlet tanagers, yellow-breasted chats, yellow-billed cuckoos and a host of other summer songbirds add color to the deep, dark woods.
Jumat, 30 Maret 2012
The Prolific Muskrat
Native to North America, muskrats are semi-aquatic rodents that inhabit wetlands and streams across the Continent; hunted and trapped for their dense fur and meat, they have also been introduced in Eurasia and South America. When spotted on lakes and ponds, muskrats are often mistaken for beaver; however, they are significantly smaller (weighing 5 pounds or less) and are easily identified by their long, narrow tail.
Muskrats dig dens in the banks of streams, canals and lakes or construct mounds of aquatic vegetation and mud; in either case, multiple entrances to the lodge chamber, both above and below the water line, permit escape routes from predators and access to aquatic food when the surface water is frozen. Primarily nocturnal and active throughout the year, muskrats feed on a wide variety of plant material and also consume amphibians, snails, turles and fish; they, themselves, are potential prey for coyotes, fox, otters, mink, raccoons, snapping turtles, snakes, eagles, herons and owls.
Breeding from late winter through late summer, muskrats are both polygamous and highly territorial. Females may produce up to five litters each year, with 6-10 kits per litter; as with cottontails, the young mature rapidly and females born in spring may breed by late summer. On the other hand, female muskrats chase off their youngsters when a new litter is about to arrive and often kill those that refuse to leave. Though muskrats may damage levees and dikes, especially during periods of overpopulation, their activity opens up dense cattail marshes for waterfowl and their abandoned dens provide homes for raccoons, mink and aquatic snakes; as avid birders know, Canada geese often nest atop muskrat lodges.
Muskrats dig dens in the banks of streams, canals and lakes or construct mounds of aquatic vegetation and mud; in either case, multiple entrances to the lodge chamber, both above and below the water line, permit escape routes from predators and access to aquatic food when the surface water is frozen. Primarily nocturnal and active throughout the year, muskrats feed on a wide variety of plant material and also consume amphibians, snails, turles and fish; they, themselves, are potential prey for coyotes, fox, otters, mink, raccoons, snapping turtles, snakes, eagles, herons and owls.
Breeding from late winter through late summer, muskrats are both polygamous and highly territorial. Females may produce up to five litters each year, with 6-10 kits per litter; as with cottontails, the young mature rapidly and females born in spring may breed by late summer. On the other hand, female muskrats chase off their youngsters when a new litter is about to arrive and often kill those that refuse to leave. Though muskrats may damage levees and dikes, especially during periods of overpopulation, their activity opens up dense cattail marshes for waterfowl and their abandoned dens provide homes for raccoons, mink and aquatic snakes; as avid birders know, Canada geese often nest atop muskrat lodges.
Minggu, 25 Maret 2012
The Garth Wetlands
Stretching across the Bear Creek floodplain in north Columbia, Missouri, the Garth Nature Preserve harbors one of the best urban wetlands that I have yet to encounter. Accessed by a fine network of trails, it is visited primarily by joggers, dog-walkers and couples focused more on their conversation than on the natural beauty that surrounds them. For those of us who care to look, there is always much to see.
This morning I found the flora and fauna to be well ahead of schedule, as is occurring across much of North America in the midst of our ongoing heat wave. The rosy glow of redbuds brightened the greening woodlands while a background chorus was provided by northern flickers, chorus frogs, trilling toads and red-winged blackbirds. Though the latter songsters are commonly heard in late March, they were joined by the distinctive chortle of leopard frogs, the scattered call of cricket frogs and, if I was not mistaken, the deep croaks of a few groggy bullfrogs. Aquatic turtles were abundant, peering from the shallows or basking on mats of vegetation and a lone water snake wound through the cattails. Eastern bluebirds, tree swallows and eastern phoebes feasted on a new generation of insects and a pair of red-tailed hawks cavorted overhead, already well into their nesting season.
While all ecosystems offer unique sightings during each season of the year, wetlands are especially interesting in the spring as amphibians and reptiles emerge from their winter slumber and colorful birds return from the south to nest and raise their young. Of course, this riot of life is fueled by the insect hordes, most of which overwintered as eggs, pupae or larvae in these same marshlands.
This morning I found the flora and fauna to be well ahead of schedule, as is occurring across much of North America in the midst of our ongoing heat wave. The rosy glow of redbuds brightened the greening woodlands while a background chorus was provided by northern flickers, chorus frogs, trilling toads and red-winged blackbirds. Though the latter songsters are commonly heard in late March, they were joined by the distinctive chortle of leopard frogs, the scattered call of cricket frogs and, if I was not mistaken, the deep croaks of a few groggy bullfrogs. Aquatic turtles were abundant, peering from the shallows or basking on mats of vegetation and a lone water snake wound through the cattails. Eastern bluebirds, tree swallows and eastern phoebes feasted on a new generation of insects and a pair of red-tailed hawks cavorted overhead, already well into their nesting season.
While all ecosystems offer unique sightings during each season of the year, wetlands are especially interesting in the spring as amphibians and reptiles emerge from their winter slumber and colorful birds return from the south to nest and raise their young. Of course, this riot of life is fueled by the insect hordes, most of which overwintered as eggs, pupae or larvae in these same marshlands.
Selasa, 20 Maret 2012
The Caspian Sea
A remnant of the Paratethys Sea, the Caspian Sea is the largest inland body of water on Earth. Covering more than 143,000 square miles, it was cut off from the Black Sea when the Caucasus Mountains rose some 6 million years ago, a product of the Red Sea opening which forced (and continues to force) the Arabian Plate to collide with the Eurasian Plate. Retaining some salinity from the Paratethys, the Caspian Sea has become a massive basin lake, receiving inflow from more than 130 freshwater rivers but having no outlet to the sea; 80% of the inflow is via the Volga River while the combined flow of the Ural and Kura Rivers adds another 15%.
Since this inflow is primarily from the north and northwest shores of the Caspian Sea, its relatively shallow northern waters (only 20 feet deep) are fresh while the deeper waters of its southern section (exceeding 3000 feet in some areas) have a salinity that is 1/3 of that found in our oceans. Kara-Bogaz-Gol, a large lagoon on its eastern shore (within Turkmenistan) has been nearly cutoff by sandbars and receives inflow only during periods of high water in the Caspian Sea; the lagoon's waters, subject to intense evaporation, have a salinity that is 10 times that of sea water. Today, five countries border the Caspian Sea: Russia on the northwest, Kazakhstan on the northeast, Azerbaijan on the southwest, Turkmenistan on the southeast and Iran on the south; except for the Caspian Depression to its north, the Caspian Sea is rimmed by highlands and its surface elevation, while variable, is about 92 feet below sea level.
While lush wetlands are spaced along its western and southern shores, the Caspian Sea is bordered by desert on its northern and eastern coasts; of special interest is a region of geothermal mud domes along part of the Azerbaijan coast, a testament to plate subduction in that area. Famous for a magnificent diversity of birdlife (especially during migrations), its prized sturgeon caviar and its endemic Caspian seals (thought to have arrived when the Paratethys connected to the North Sea), this unique and varied ecosystem is threatened by both global warming and industrial pollution (especially from oil and gas production). Since it is rimmed by five countries, the effort to protect this ecological treasure is especially challenging.
Since this inflow is primarily from the north and northwest shores of the Caspian Sea, its relatively shallow northern waters (only 20 feet deep) are fresh while the deeper waters of its southern section (exceeding 3000 feet in some areas) have a salinity that is 1/3 of that found in our oceans. Kara-Bogaz-Gol, a large lagoon on its eastern shore (within Turkmenistan) has been nearly cutoff by sandbars and receives inflow only during periods of high water in the Caspian Sea; the lagoon's waters, subject to intense evaporation, have a salinity that is 10 times that of sea water. Today, five countries border the Caspian Sea: Russia on the northwest, Kazakhstan on the northeast, Azerbaijan on the southwest, Turkmenistan on the southeast and Iran on the south; except for the Caspian Depression to its north, the Caspian Sea is rimmed by highlands and its surface elevation, while variable, is about 92 feet below sea level.
While lush wetlands are spaced along its western and southern shores, the Caspian Sea is bordered by desert on its northern and eastern coasts; of special interest is a region of geothermal mud domes along part of the Azerbaijan coast, a testament to plate subduction in that area. Famous for a magnificent diversity of birdlife (especially during migrations), its prized sturgeon caviar and its endemic Caspian seals (thought to have arrived when the Paratethys connected to the North Sea), this unique and varied ecosystem is threatened by both global warming and industrial pollution (especially from oil and gas production). Since it is rimmed by five countries, the effort to protect this ecological treasure is especially challenging.
Jumat, 16 Maret 2012
Marsh Madness
While college basketball fans are focused on their brackets, a more natural madness is unfolding across our wetlands. Chorus frogs and spring peepers have entered the peak of their breeding season and their loud calls ring across the marsh. Joining the frenzy are the season's first insects, rising from the ponds and lakes, hoping to mate before encountering hungry tree swallows, eastern phoebes, eastern bluebirds or reawakening bats.
The hysterical calls of flickers and red-bellied woodpeckers also echo across the wetlands and the impatient, deafening calls of red-winged blackbirds signal the onset of their nesting season. Rafts of ducks and coot add their voices to the chorus while stately great blue herons wade through the shallows, feasting on the tree frogs and other hapless victims. While the color explosion of late spring birds and plants has yet to materialize, a greening landscape spawns the joy of rebirth across the March wetlands.
This year, following a mild winter and fueled by a warm early spring, the marsh madness is especially intense. Though a cold wave could dampen that enthusiasm, the tide of spring has been unleashed and any half-hearted invasions by winter will be quickly rebuffed by the higher sun and longer days. As snakes emerge, insects swarms explode and summer birds arrive, the madness will intensify and nature's season of renewal will reign until an autumn chill invades the marsh.
The hysterical calls of flickers and red-bellied woodpeckers also echo across the wetlands and the impatient, deafening calls of red-winged blackbirds signal the onset of their nesting season. Rafts of ducks and coot add their voices to the chorus while stately great blue herons wade through the shallows, feasting on the tree frogs and other hapless victims. While the color explosion of late spring birds and plants has yet to materialize, a greening landscape spawns the joy of rebirth across the March wetlands.
This year, following a mild winter and fueled by a warm early spring, the marsh madness is especially intense. Though a cold wave could dampen that enthusiasm, the tide of spring has been unleashed and any half-hearted invasions by winter will be quickly rebuffed by the higher sun and longer days. As snakes emerge, insects swarms explode and summer birds arrive, the madness will intensify and nature's season of renewal will reign until an autumn chill invades the marsh.
Kamis, 08 Maret 2012
Mono Lake
Mono Lake is a 70 square-mile saline lake at the eastern foot of the Sierra Nevada Range, approximately 13 miles east of Yosemite National Park. Enclosed within a natural basin by the Sierra Batholith to its west and Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanic ranges to its north, east and south, the lake is fed by three primary streams (Lee Vining, Rush and Mill Creeks) and by freshwater springs along its floor. Having formed during the Pleistocene, about 1 million years ago, it is one of the oldest lakes in North America and is the largest lake completely within California.
As a basin lake, its size and depth are a balance between inflow from streams and springs and evaporative loss in the dry climate of the Basin and Range Province. Prior to 1941, its surface elevation hovered above 6400 feet but this was dramatically lowered by diversion of inflow to the Los Angeles Water System; legal challenges by conservation groups eventually restored most of the inflow by 1994.
Despite its high salinity (2.5 times that of ocean water) and alkalinity (which precludes fish survival), Mono Lake supports a spectacular ecosystem. Photosynthetic algae, feeding on minerals from the surrounding mountains, bloom in spring when snowmelt peaks. Feeding on the algae, brine shrimp and brine flies thrive in the lake shallows and provide vital nourishment for migrating shorebirds, eared grebes and phalaropes, among other species; indeed, Mono Lake was added to the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network in 1991. California gulls and snowy plovers nest on Paoha Island and smaller islets, escaping predation by fox and coyotes. Beyond the abundant birdlife, Mono Lake is perhaps best known for its tufa towers of calcium carbonate, produced by the interaction of freshwater springs and the alkaline, mineral-rich lake waters. Students of geology will also appreciate the surrounding volcanic landscape, including the relatively recent Panum and Mono-Inyo craters, south of Mono Lake.
As a basin lake, its size and depth are a balance between inflow from streams and springs and evaporative loss in the dry climate of the Basin and Range Province. Prior to 1941, its surface elevation hovered above 6400 feet but this was dramatically lowered by diversion of inflow to the Los Angeles Water System; legal challenges by conservation groups eventually restored most of the inflow by 1994.
Despite its high salinity (2.5 times that of ocean water) and alkalinity (which precludes fish survival), Mono Lake supports a spectacular ecosystem. Photosynthetic algae, feeding on minerals from the surrounding mountains, bloom in spring when snowmelt peaks. Feeding on the algae, brine shrimp and brine flies thrive in the lake shallows and provide vital nourishment for migrating shorebirds, eared grebes and phalaropes, among other species; indeed, Mono Lake was added to the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network in 1991. California gulls and snowy plovers nest on Paoha Island and smaller islets, escaping predation by fox and coyotes. Beyond the abundant birdlife, Mono Lake is perhaps best known for its tufa towers of calcium carbonate, produced by the interaction of freshwater springs and the alkaline, mineral-rich lake waters. Students of geology will also appreciate the surrounding volcanic landscape, including the relatively recent Panum and Mono-Inyo craters, south of Mono Lake.
Kamis, 26 Januari 2012
Mixing Oil & Wetlands
Since I drive a car and heat my home, it would be hypocritical of me to renounce oil production in the U.S. or elsewhere across the globe. Nevertheless, the oil industry has a tendency to minimize its potential impact on wetlands, the most productive ecosystems on our planet.
Sabine National Wildlife Refuge, in extreme southwest Louisiana, is the largest wetland preserve along the Gulf Coast, renowned for its large flocks of wintering waterfowl, its wide variety of wading birds and its resident population of American alligators and wetland mammals. Yet, oil production continues on this preserve despite a significant spill during the winter of 2002-2003 and the devastation of Hurricane Rita, in September, 2005, which spread more than 1400 barrels of toxic chemicals across the refuge. More recently, shortcuts in the startup of BP's Deepwater Horizon inundated coastal marshlands with crude oil, the worst man-made disaster in the history of the Gulf of Mexico. Now, despite concerns for potential damage to wetlands and groundwater across the unique sandhills ecosystem of western Nebraska, conservative politicians and their oil company supporters are attempting to push through the Keystone Pipeline Project before appropriate environmental studies are complete. And, of course, conservationists have been battling proposals to drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for decades.
While we cannot replace fossil fuels with "green" sources of energy overnight, it is equally short-sighted for the oil industry to minimize its impact on fragile and vital ecosystems across our planet. Oil and wetlands will not mix and we destroy those crucibles of life at our own peril.
Sabine National Wildlife Refuge, in extreme southwest Louisiana, is the largest wetland preserve along the Gulf Coast, renowned for its large flocks of wintering waterfowl, its wide variety of wading birds and its resident population of American alligators and wetland mammals. Yet, oil production continues on this preserve despite a significant spill during the winter of 2002-2003 and the devastation of Hurricane Rita, in September, 2005, which spread more than 1400 barrels of toxic chemicals across the refuge. More recently, shortcuts in the startup of BP's Deepwater Horizon inundated coastal marshlands with crude oil, the worst man-made disaster in the history of the Gulf of Mexico. Now, despite concerns for potential damage to wetlands and groundwater across the unique sandhills ecosystem of western Nebraska, conservative politicians and their oil company supporters are attempting to push through the Keystone Pipeline Project before appropriate environmental studies are complete. And, of course, conservationists have been battling proposals to drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for decades.
While we cannot replace fossil fuels with "green" sources of energy overnight, it is equally short-sighted for the oil industry to minimize its impact on fragile and vital ecosystems across our planet. Oil and wetlands will not mix and we destroy those crucibles of life at our own peril.
Sabtu, 21 Januari 2012
Along the Myakka
The Myakka River, in southwest Florida, one of only two rivers designated "Wild & Scenic" by the Sunshine State, rises in northern Manatee County and flows southward for 60 miles to Charlotte Harbor. Along the way, it passes through the lakes and marshlands of Myakka River State Park, east of Sarasota, and encounters little human development for much of its course; indeed, Sarasota County has been especially committed to protecting its natural channel and three preserves offer access to southern portions of this ecosystem.
Having enjoyed a week along the Gulf Coast, we decided to head inland and explore the lower Myakka corridor. Jelks Preserve, about two miles south of I-75 on North River Road (via the North Port/Englewood Exit), provides an excellent overview of natural habitats along the river as well as scenic views of the Myakka itself; oak hammocks, festooned with Spanish moss, border slash pine flatwoods, marsh-lined ponds and scrub meadows. Armadillos were abundant along the sandy trails, black vultures and bald eagles soared overhead and American alligators, though unseen on our visit, haunt the shallow pools and wetlands. Myakka River State Forest, about 5 miles south of U.S. 41 via River Road, offers an extensive network of trail loops through these same habitats; it was there that we encountered a massive flock of wintering tree swallows, surely numbering in the thousands, and watched a trio of Florida sandhill cranes drift across the bright blue sky. Finally, Myakka Islands Point, a Sarasota County preserve west of North Port, provides access to pine flatwoods (dominated by slash pine, cabbage palm and saw palmetto) which overlook broad swaths of riverside marsh.
South of these preserves the Myakka becomes increasing brackish as it receives tidal inflow; in concert, the river leaves its meandering, tree-lined corridor and open marshlands stretch across its broad floodplain. Alligators that bask along the River's more northern shores avoid these salty waters but manatees, moving in from the bay, now inhabit the Myakka. As expected, wading birds are abundant across this vibrant tidal zone, roosting in tree islands that rise above the marsh.
Having enjoyed a week along the Gulf Coast, we decided to head inland and explore the lower Myakka corridor. Jelks Preserve, about two miles south of I-75 on North River Road (via the North Port/Englewood Exit), provides an excellent overview of natural habitats along the river as well as scenic views of the Myakka itself; oak hammocks, festooned with Spanish moss, border slash pine flatwoods, marsh-lined ponds and scrub meadows. Armadillos were abundant along the sandy trails, black vultures and bald eagles soared overhead and American alligators, though unseen on our visit, haunt the shallow pools and wetlands. Myakka River State Forest, about 5 miles south of U.S. 41 via River Road, offers an extensive network of trail loops through these same habitats; it was there that we encountered a massive flock of wintering tree swallows, surely numbering in the thousands, and watched a trio of Florida sandhill cranes drift across the bright blue sky. Finally, Myakka Islands Point, a Sarasota County preserve west of North Port, provides access to pine flatwoods (dominated by slash pine, cabbage palm and saw palmetto) which overlook broad swaths of riverside marsh.
South of these preserves the Myakka becomes increasing brackish as it receives tidal inflow; in concert, the river leaves its meandering, tree-lined corridor and open marshlands stretch across its broad floodplain. Alligators that bask along the River's more northern shores avoid these salty waters but manatees, moving in from the bay, now inhabit the Myakka. As expected, wading birds are abundant across this vibrant tidal zone, roosting in tree islands that rise above the marsh.
Rabu, 11 Januari 2012
The Winter Forest
The winter forest does not offer the attractive wildflowers of early spring, the fragrant humidity of a summer morning or the brilliant foliage of glorious October. Neither does it promise the explosion of life encountered during the warmer months: those colorful birds, agile lizards, slithering snakes and buzzing insects. But the winter forest harbors its own gifts.
First and foremost is the silence, broken only by the distant call of jays, the drumming of woodpeckers and the twittering of songbird groups as they roam through the woodland. Then there is that fresh, invigorating air, often scented by woodsmoke from a nearby farmhouse; unlike the shaded summer woods, the barren forest welcomes the sun and long shadows stretch across its leaf-covered floor. Hiking along its frozen trails or trudging through its crunchy snow, the naturalist hopes to spot an owl on its daytime roost; perhaps a saw-whet owl in the cedars or a screech owl peering from a tree cavity.
Above all else, the winter forest offers solitude, an escape from the turmoil of human society and a chance to meet nature on her own terms. If prepared with warm, layered clothing and good hiking boots, those who venture into the winter woods soon experience the many benefits to both body and soul.
First and foremost is the silence, broken only by the distant call of jays, the drumming of woodpeckers and the twittering of songbird groups as they roam through the woodland. Then there is that fresh, invigorating air, often scented by woodsmoke from a nearby farmhouse; unlike the shaded summer woods, the barren forest welcomes the sun and long shadows stretch across its leaf-covered floor. Hiking along its frozen trails or trudging through its crunchy snow, the naturalist hopes to spot an owl on its daytime roost; perhaps a saw-whet owl in the cedars or a screech owl peering from a tree cavity.
Above all else, the winter forest offers solitude, an escape from the turmoil of human society and a chance to meet nature on her own terms. If prepared with warm, layered clothing and good hiking boots, those who venture into the winter woods soon experience the many benefits to both body and soul.
Senin, 26 Desember 2011
Birding in Context
Though I have been a birder for more than 35 years, I have never been one to chase after rare birds or to plan my vacations to add species to my life list. Nor am I crazy about group birding or bird related sporting events such as a "Big Year."
As a naturalist, I enjoy watching birds within the context of their natural habitat, observing their interaction with plants and other animals and coming to understand how they contribute to the function of that ecosystem. Whether the setting is a barrier island, a mountain forest, a rolling prairie or a suburban neighborhood, birds play important roles, as foragers, hunters and potential prey. Furthermore, since many species are migratory, their unique contribution is often seasonal, either as temporary residents or as transient visitors.
Like other creatures, birds are far more interesting than items on a checklist and we cannot truly appreciate their importance without recognizing their vital role in maintaining the health of natural ecosystems. To know a bird only by its appearance is to accept a superficial understanding of nature's complex web of life.
As a naturalist, I enjoy watching birds within the context of their natural habitat, observing their interaction with plants and other animals and coming to understand how they contribute to the function of that ecosystem. Whether the setting is a barrier island, a mountain forest, a rolling prairie or a suburban neighborhood, birds play important roles, as foragers, hunters and potential prey. Furthermore, since many species are migratory, their unique contribution is often seasonal, either as temporary residents or as transient visitors.
Like other creatures, birds are far more interesting than items on a checklist and we cannot truly appreciate their importance without recognizing their vital role in maintaining the health of natural ecosystems. To know a bird only by its appearance is to accept a superficial understanding of nature's complex web of life.
Rabu, 21 Desember 2011
Kofa NWR
If you enjoy an escape to the Desert Southwest during the winter months but hope to avoid the congestion of large cities and National Parks, consider a visit to Kofa National Wildlife Refuge, northeast of Yuma, Arizona. This extensive preserve (over 665,000 acres) was set aside in 1939 to protect habitat for desert bighorn sheep; more than 80% of the refuge is designated wilderness and it thus harbors some of the most pristine Sonoran Desert landscape in the U.S.
Stretching between the Kofa Mountains on the north to the Castle Dome Mountains in the south, this refuge is accessed by a network of graveled roads, most of which require four-wheel drive vehicles. However, the road to Palm Canyon, leading east from US 95 between Quartzite and Yuma, can be traversed by the family car and is perhaps the best means to explore this ecosystem; a short trail at its terminus leads to a stand of California fan palms and conditioned hikers can proceed on to higher terrain.
In addition to the fan palms, the only palms native to Arizona, Kofa NWR is known for its tremendous diversity of Sonoran Desert plants, including the Kofa mountain barberry. Of course, the refuge is also home to a spectacular variety of desert wildlife; joining the reclusive desert bighorn sheep are mountain lions, coyotes, mule deer, kangaroo rats, five species of rattlesnake, a diverse collection of lizards and the usual mix of Sonoran desert birds. Named for the abandoned King of Arizona gold mine, this wilderness also harbors remnants of past mining and ranching activity; since it was used for military training during WWII, it may contain unexploded ordinance and visitors are cautioned not to handle such materials.
Stretching between the Kofa Mountains on the north to the Castle Dome Mountains in the south, this refuge is accessed by a network of graveled roads, most of which require four-wheel drive vehicles. However, the road to Palm Canyon, leading east from US 95 between Quartzite and Yuma, can be traversed by the family car and is perhaps the best means to explore this ecosystem; a short trail at its terminus leads to a stand of California fan palms and conditioned hikers can proceed on to higher terrain.
In addition to the fan palms, the only palms native to Arizona, Kofa NWR is known for its tremendous diversity of Sonoran Desert plants, including the Kofa mountain barberry. Of course, the refuge is also home to a spectacular variety of desert wildlife; joining the reclusive desert bighorn sheep are mountain lions, coyotes, mule deer, kangaroo rats, five species of rattlesnake, a diverse collection of lizards and the usual mix of Sonoran desert birds. Named for the abandoned King of Arizona gold mine, this wilderness also harbors remnants of past mining and ranching activity; since it was used for military training during WWII, it may contain unexploded ordinance and visitors are cautioned not to handle such materials.
Jumat, 09 Desember 2011
Holla Bend NWR
In 1954, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers straightened a section of the Arkansas River in an effort to reduce flooding in west-central Arkansas. This detour left an abandoned river bed that dips to the south and, since 1957, Holla Bend NWR has occupied the floodplain ecosystem that lies between the Arkansas and its old channel. Characterized by crop fields, wetlands, shallow lakes and bottomland woods, the refuge is known for its large number and variety of wintering waterfowl; in recent years, this has included trumpeter swans, brought from Iowa in an effort to re-establish a Midwest migratory population.
Attracted by the waterfowl, bald eagles also congregate at Holla Bend during the colder months, as do a number of golden eagles. Permanent residents include greater roadrunners, armadillos, coyotes and a large herd of white-tailed deer while a variety of herons, egrets, rails, shorebirds and summer songbirds inhabit the refuge during the warmer months. Least terns breed at Holla Bend and both American white pelicans and black terns visit on their spring and fall migrations.
Holla Bend NWR is in west-central Arkansas, about 6 miles downstream from Dardanelle. Like most of our National Wildlife Refuges, it is open every day of the year, from dawn to dusk, and is accessed by a network of trails and graveled roads. The waterfowl population, which includes Canada and snow geese and a wide variety of wintering ducks, peaks from December through early February.
Attracted by the waterfowl, bald eagles also congregate at Holla Bend during the colder months, as do a number of golden eagles. Permanent residents include greater roadrunners, armadillos, coyotes and a large herd of white-tailed deer while a variety of herons, egrets, rails, shorebirds and summer songbirds inhabit the refuge during the warmer months. Least terns breed at Holla Bend and both American white pelicans and black terns visit on their spring and fall migrations.
Holla Bend NWR is in west-central Arkansas, about 6 miles downstream from Dardanelle. Like most of our National Wildlife Refuges, it is open every day of the year, from dawn to dusk, and is accessed by a network of trails and graveled roads. The waterfowl population, which includes Canada and snow geese and a wide variety of wintering ducks, peaks from December through early February.
Minggu, 23 Oktober 2011
Sunday Morn at Eagle Bluffs
On this glorious October morning, I headed for Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area, my favorite haunt in central Missouri. There, on the floodplain of the Missouri River, I was greeted by flocks of horned larks along the entry road, by a lone bald eagle atop a dying shade tree and by the sound of distant shotgun blasts, a reminder that the culling season is underway.
Water birds were relatively sparse on the ponds of the refuge; while coot and pied-billed grebes were common, ducks were limited to scattered, small flocks of mallards, gadwall and blue-winged teal; a pair of ruddy ducks caught my eye and noisy killdeer rushed along the shorelines. Raptors were the highlight of this morning's visit, represented by numerous red-tailed hawks, the lone bald eagle, a few northern harriers and a red-shouldered hawk that rose from the marsh with a snake in his talons. Clouds of red-winged backyards drifted across the floodplain, a few great blue herons stalked the shallows, a quartet of barn swallows rested on a drowned sapling and small groups of yellowlegs foraged on the mudflats.
Many, if not most, Americans attend church on Sunday mornings for their weekly dose of inspiration and humility. I prefer nature, with its bounty of life and its spectacles of death.
Water birds were relatively sparse on the ponds of the refuge; while coot and pied-billed grebes were common, ducks were limited to scattered, small flocks of mallards, gadwall and blue-winged teal; a pair of ruddy ducks caught my eye and noisy killdeer rushed along the shorelines. Raptors were the highlight of this morning's visit, represented by numerous red-tailed hawks, the lone bald eagle, a few northern harriers and a red-shouldered hawk that rose from the marsh with a snake in his talons. Clouds of red-winged backyards drifted across the floodplain, a few great blue herons stalked the shallows, a quartet of barn swallows rested on a drowned sapling and small groups of yellowlegs foraged on the mudflats.
Many, if not most, Americans attend church on Sunday mornings for their weekly dose of inspiration and humility. I prefer nature, with its bounty of life and its spectacles of death.
Kamis, 20 Oktober 2011
The Nature of Patagonia
Ecologically diverse, sparsely populated and rich in spectacular landscape, Patagonia covers 800,000 square kilometers across southern South America; this includes all of Argentina south of the Rio Colorado and Chile south of Puerto Montt. A product of Andean volcanism, glacial and stream erosion and cold ocean currents, Patagonia hosts a magnificent diversity of flora and fauna.
As the Atlantic began to open, 160 million years ago, the oceanic Farallon Plate began to subduct beneath the North and South American Plates that were forced toward the west; the Nazca Plate, a remanant of the Farallon, continues to subduct today. Volcanism above this subduction zone has produced the Andes Mountains along the west edge of South America and Patagonia is a composite of volcanic bedrock, lava flows, ash deposits and Tertiary sediments, since molded by glacial and stream erosion. The Chilean segment, which extends to Cape Horn, is a landscape of rugged peaks, ice fields, islands, fjords and sea channels while the Argentine segment includes the eastern flank of the Andean Chain, a vast central plateau of high desert, gravel plains, ephemeral lakes and grassland steppes and the varied coastline of the South Atlantic. The cold Chilean and Malvinas currents, rich in plankton, bathe both coasts of Patagonia, attracting a spectacular diversity of sea birds and marine mammals; the latter include Magellanic, rockhopper and king penguins, albatrosses, southern elephant seals, southern fur seals and southern right whales.
Among the terrestrial wildlife of Patagonia are guanacos, rheas, flamingos, Andean condors, Patagonian fox, pumas, a wide variety of rodents and endemic deer such as huemuls and pudus. Adapting to the harsh environment, these animals inhabit a magnificent yet unsettled landscape; as the Nazca Plate continues to subduct, the Andes rise higher, producing intermittent earthquakes, lava flows and ash plumes. Indeed, the petrified forests of the Patagonian plateau attest to the region's turbulent natural history. To learn more about this spectacular ecosystem and to lend support to its protection, visit The Patagonian Foundation's website, listed in the right column of this blog.
As the Atlantic began to open, 160 million years ago, the oceanic Farallon Plate began to subduct beneath the North and South American Plates that were forced toward the west; the Nazca Plate, a remanant of the Farallon, continues to subduct today. Volcanism above this subduction zone has produced the Andes Mountains along the west edge of South America and Patagonia is a composite of volcanic bedrock, lava flows, ash deposits and Tertiary sediments, since molded by glacial and stream erosion. The Chilean segment, which extends to Cape Horn, is a landscape of rugged peaks, ice fields, islands, fjords and sea channels while the Argentine segment includes the eastern flank of the Andean Chain, a vast central plateau of high desert, gravel plains, ephemeral lakes and grassland steppes and the varied coastline of the South Atlantic. The cold Chilean and Malvinas currents, rich in plankton, bathe both coasts of Patagonia, attracting a spectacular diversity of sea birds and marine mammals; the latter include Magellanic, rockhopper and king penguins, albatrosses, southern elephant seals, southern fur seals and southern right whales.
Among the terrestrial wildlife of Patagonia are guanacos, rheas, flamingos, Andean condors, Patagonian fox, pumas, a wide variety of rodents and endemic deer such as huemuls and pudus. Adapting to the harsh environment, these animals inhabit a magnificent yet unsettled landscape; as the Nazca Plate continues to subduct, the Andes rise higher, producing intermittent earthquakes, lava flows and ash plumes. Indeed, the petrified forests of the Patagonian plateau attest to the region's turbulent natural history. To learn more about this spectacular ecosystem and to lend support to its protection, visit The Patagonian Foundation's website, listed in the right column of this blog.
Selasa, 20 September 2011
Sleeping Bear Dunes
Stretching along the northwest coast of Michigan's lower peninsula, massive sand dunes rise above Lake Michigan. Protected as a National Lakeshore since 1970, these dunes attest to both the erosive force of the Pleistocene glaciers and the powerful storms that have regularly lashed the region since those ice sheets retreated. While lakeshore "beach dunes" are modest in size, those atop the cliffs, known as "perched dunes" and composed of glacial sand, tower up to 450 feet above the waters of Lake Michigan and encompass a broad swath of shifting landscape. Bordered by a rich beech-maple forest, the dunes are temporarily stabilized by beach grasses, wildflowers, sand-tolerant shrubs and groves of cottonwood but, over time, are sculpted and advanced by the relentless wind, swallowing tracts of forest that lie in their path.
A Visitor Center, located in Empire, offers an introduction to the natural history of this fascinating ecosystem and provides an overview of the plants and animals that inhabit the dunes and adjacent forest. In addition, an auto tour road provides access to a host of overlooks, several of which yield spectacular views of the dunes, Lake Michigan and offshore islands. Those with the time and ability to do so are encouraged to hike at least one of the trails that lead into this beautiful yet harsh environment; trudging through the sand, especially when accompanied by intense sunshine and a strong wind, makes one appreciate the true nature of this unforgiving landscape.
Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore is located about 28 miles west of Traverse City, Michigan and is best reached via Michigan Highway 72. Its name is derived from a prominent dune that, topped by a clump of shrubs, resembled a sleeping bear in the eyes of Native American residents. While modern visitors might not appreciate that visual interpretation, they are sure to agree that this scenic coastline is one of the most spectacular sites in North America.
A Visitor Center, located in Empire, offers an introduction to the natural history of this fascinating ecosystem and provides an overview of the plants and animals that inhabit the dunes and adjacent forest. In addition, an auto tour road provides access to a host of overlooks, several of which yield spectacular views of the dunes, Lake Michigan and offshore islands. Those with the time and ability to do so are encouraged to hike at least one of the trails that lead into this beautiful yet harsh environment; trudging through the sand, especially when accompanied by intense sunshine and a strong wind, makes one appreciate the true nature of this unforgiving landscape.
Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore is located about 28 miles west of Traverse City, Michigan and is best reached via Michigan Highway 72. Its name is derived from a prominent dune that, topped by a clump of shrubs, resembled a sleeping bear in the eyes of Native American residents. While modern visitors might not appreciate that visual interpretation, they are sure to agree that this scenic coastline is one of the most spectacular sites in North America.
Rabu, 24 Agustus 2011
Crescent Lake NWR
Crescent Lake NWR, in Nebraska's western panhandle, is certainly one of our more remote National Wildlife Refuges. Take your pick: 28 miles north of Oshkosh (on US 26, northwest of Ogallala) via a winding, sand-gravel road or 28 miles south of Lakeside (on Route 2, east of Alliance) via a single lane of asphalt; during my three hour tour I encountered only a refuge employee in his pickup and the driver of a cattle truck. Whatever route you take, the visit will be well worth your effort (just make sure you have plenty of gas in the tank).
Stretching across 46,000 acres in the westernmost section of Nebraska's famous sandhills ecosystem, Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge protects a chain of lakes and wetlands that lie in valleys between the grass-covered dunes. Established in 1931, the refuge provides nesting habitat, wintering grounds or a migration reststop for at least 279 bird species. Nesting birds of note include eared and western grebes, American bitterns, tundra swans, canvasbacks, bald eagles, sharp-tailed grouse, black-necked stilts, American avocets, long-billed curlews, Wilson's phalaropes, black terns, burrowing owls, marsh wrens and blue grosbeaks, among many other species. High Plains grassland residents, best observed along the roadways, include northern harriers, Swainson's hawks, American kestrels, dickcissels, lark sparrows, lark buntings, vesper sparrows, grasshopper sparrows, bobolinks, yellow-headed blackbirds and both eastern and western meadowlarks. Flocks of American white pelicans soared above the refuge yesterday morning and I also encountered a large number of white-faced ibis; late summer is also ideal for shorebird watching and Crescent Lake NWR attracts a wide variety of resident and migrant species.
In addition to the birdlife, this scenic preserve is home to coyotes, swift fox, white-tailed and mule deer, pronghorns, muskrats, kangaroo rats and an excellent variety of reptiles and amphibians; yellow mud turtles inhabit the preserve and bullsnakes are often encountered on the roadways. Of interest, Crescent Lake itself actually lies just south of the refuge boundary and is protected by the State of Nebraska; efforts to establish a sandhills wilderness area, just east of the refuge, are currently under consideration.
Stretching across 46,000 acres in the westernmost section of Nebraska's famous sandhills ecosystem, Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge protects a chain of lakes and wetlands that lie in valleys between the grass-covered dunes. Established in 1931, the refuge provides nesting habitat, wintering grounds or a migration reststop for at least 279 bird species. Nesting birds of note include eared and western grebes, American bitterns, tundra swans, canvasbacks, bald eagles, sharp-tailed grouse, black-necked stilts, American avocets, long-billed curlews, Wilson's phalaropes, black terns, burrowing owls, marsh wrens and blue grosbeaks, among many other species. High Plains grassland residents, best observed along the roadways, include northern harriers, Swainson's hawks, American kestrels, dickcissels, lark sparrows, lark buntings, vesper sparrows, grasshopper sparrows, bobolinks, yellow-headed blackbirds and both eastern and western meadowlarks. Flocks of American white pelicans soared above the refuge yesterday morning and I also encountered a large number of white-faced ibis; late summer is also ideal for shorebird watching and Crescent Lake NWR attracts a wide variety of resident and migrant species.
In addition to the birdlife, this scenic preserve is home to coyotes, swift fox, white-tailed and mule deer, pronghorns, muskrats, kangaroo rats and an excellent variety of reptiles and amphibians; yellow mud turtles inhabit the preserve and bullsnakes are often encountered on the roadways. Of interest, Crescent Lake itself actually lies just south of the refuge boundary and is protected by the State of Nebraska; efforts to establish a sandhills wilderness area, just east of the refuge, are currently under consideration.
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