Waterton Canyon, which incises the foothills southwest of Denver, represents the South Platte's final journey through the Rocky Mountains before it rumbles onto the Colorado Piedmont. Harboring a wealth of scenic rock formations and home to a wide variety of Transition Zone flora and fauna, the canyon has long been a popular destination for hikers, birders, fishermen and naturalists. Over the past decade or so, it has also become a mecca for bikers and joggers, now comprising at least 75% of the visitors.
While these trail athletes surely enjoy the pristine landscape, at least in a holistic sense, I doubt they pay much attention to the varied plants and animals, focused as they are on distance and time. As they turdge along, gasping and spitting, or whiz by on their trail bikes, I often wonder if they could identify even a handful of species that inhabit the canyon. They surely notice the bighorn sheep, for which this refuge is well known, but a fleeting glance is probably sufficient.
In this age of obesity, I certainly have no objection to aerobic exercise. But I suspect these bikers and joggers choose Waterton Canyon for its graded climb and known distance (6 miles to the Strontia Springs Dam); of course, they also enjoy group exercise and avoid the heavy auto traffic that occurs in other foothill canyons. Some might conclude that I envy the youth and vitality of these athletes (which is surely true to some extent) but I am more inclined to pity their lack of interest in nature's bounty. Dogs are not permitted in Waterton Canyon in order to protect the bighorn sheep; perhaps we should limit its use as an athletic training site in order to protect the natural milieu.
Tampilkan postingan dengan label conservation. Tampilkan semua postingan
Tampilkan postingan dengan label conservation. Tampilkan semua postingan
Jumat, 13 Juli 2012
Jumat, 25 Mei 2012
Midwest Mountain Lions
Having once inhabited most of the United States, mountains lions were extirpated from eastern and central portions of our country by the early 20th Century; an exception was the Florida panther, which managed to survive in the dense vegetation of the Everglades and adjacent cypress swamps. Throughout most of the 1900s, the easternmost populations of cougars (other than the Florida panther) were in West Texas and in the Black Hills of western South Dakota.
However, over the past decade, sightings of mountains lions have increased signficantly across the American Midwest. Almost all of the confirmed cases have been males, presumably banished from their home range by other dominant males; indeed, cougars are territorial and field studies have revealed that the home range of adult males is in the neighborhood of 100-300 square miles. While 5 mountain lions inhabited the Pine Ridge Escarpment of western Nebraska in 2004, 30 were documented by 2011, including females and cubs. Sightings in Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin have involved male cougars that are thought to have wandered eastward from South Dakota and western Nebraska (though some may have arrived from Colorado via the Arkansas River corridor). One famous case involved a male that wandered through Minnesota and Wisconsin in 2009-2010 and ended up getting killed in Connecticut in 2011. Here in Missouri, there have been at least 29 cougar sightings since 1994, though, in some cases, multiple sightings of the same cat may have occurred. Since mountain lions are secretive and primarily nocturnal, an accurate estimate of Midwest wanderers is very difficult to obtain and it is likely that more pass through this region than some human residents might care to imagine; on the other hand, livestock loss to cougars has been minimal since these travelers seem to favor small mammals and the occasional deer.
Of course, unless females begin to follow the nomadic males from mountainous areas of the West, breeding populations will not become established in the Heartland. The increasingly common sightings in recent decades surely reflects the growth of human populations throughout the Mountain West, depriving these predators of their natural habitat and forcing males to head east, following river channels across the Great Plains. Any excitement associated with the opportunity to observe these magnificent cats in the Midwest is tempered by the knowledge that we have driven them from their modern homeland and that they are returning to an ancient homeland that has forever changed. Whether they will be welcomed or persecuted remains to be seen.
However, over the past decade, sightings of mountains lions have increased signficantly across the American Midwest. Almost all of the confirmed cases have been males, presumably banished from their home range by other dominant males; indeed, cougars are territorial and field studies have revealed that the home range of adult males is in the neighborhood of 100-300 square miles. While 5 mountain lions inhabited the Pine Ridge Escarpment of western Nebraska in 2004, 30 were documented by 2011, including females and cubs. Sightings in Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin have involved male cougars that are thought to have wandered eastward from South Dakota and western Nebraska (though some may have arrived from Colorado via the Arkansas River corridor). One famous case involved a male that wandered through Minnesota and Wisconsin in 2009-2010 and ended up getting killed in Connecticut in 2011. Here in Missouri, there have been at least 29 cougar sightings since 1994, though, in some cases, multiple sightings of the same cat may have occurred. Since mountain lions are secretive and primarily nocturnal, an accurate estimate of Midwest wanderers is very difficult to obtain and it is likely that more pass through this region than some human residents might care to imagine; on the other hand, livestock loss to cougars has been minimal since these travelers seem to favor small mammals and the occasional deer.
Of course, unless females begin to follow the nomadic males from mountainous areas of the West, breeding populations will not become established in the Heartland. The increasingly common sightings in recent decades surely reflects the growth of human populations throughout the Mountain West, depriving these predators of their natural habitat and forcing males to head east, following river channels across the Great Plains. Any excitement associated with the opportunity to observe these magnificent cats in the Midwest is tempered by the knowledge that we have driven them from their modern homeland and that they are returning to an ancient homeland that has forever changed. Whether they will be welcomed or persecuted remains to be seen.
Senin, 30 April 2012
Divisions of Hunting
To my knowledge, all States have a Division of Wildlife or a Department of Natural Resources, charged with protecting that State's native fauna and flora as well as cooperating with federal programs to manage wetlands for migrant waterfowl. Beyond their role in protecting open space, these State agencies also participate in the restoration of natural habitat and the reintroduction of once native species. In the course of doing so, they provide vital habitat for a wide range of plants and animals and extend the opportunity for many citizens to study and observe their wild neighbors.
Nevertheless, these Divisions and Departments are, to a large extent, funded by revenue from hunting licenses and their publications, while paying homage to a diversity of wildlife, tend to focus on hunting and fishing opportunities on the lands that they manage. Of course, one can be both a conservationist and a hunter and, unfortunately, hunting has become essential to the control of species such as white-tailed deer. We have, after all, eliminated the wild predators that once kept these populations in check.
Ideally, the reintroduction of native species would include an effort to balance predator and prey populations. However, U.S. Divisions of Wildlife have a long history of supporting the reintroduction of prey species while restricting or completely prohibiting the recovery of their natural predators; this policy appears to be a response to pressure from ranchers, who fear loss of their cattle or sheep, and a nod to hunters who relish the opportunity to control the herbivores themselves. Thus, State wildlife officials continue to reintroduce species such as moose and elk without bringing the wolves and cougars along; by doing so, they have become Divisions of Hunting, answerable primarily to those who fund their work.
Nevertheless, these Divisions and Departments are, to a large extent, funded by revenue from hunting licenses and their publications, while paying homage to a diversity of wildlife, tend to focus on hunting and fishing opportunities on the lands that they manage. Of course, one can be both a conservationist and a hunter and, unfortunately, hunting has become essential to the control of species such as white-tailed deer. We have, after all, eliminated the wild predators that once kept these populations in check.
Ideally, the reintroduction of native species would include an effort to balance predator and prey populations. However, U.S. Divisions of Wildlife have a long history of supporting the reintroduction of prey species while restricting or completely prohibiting the recovery of their natural predators; this policy appears to be a response to pressure from ranchers, who fear loss of their cattle or sheep, and a nod to hunters who relish the opportunity to control the herbivores themselves. Thus, State wildlife officials continue to reintroduce species such as moose and elk without bringing the wolves and cougars along; by doing so, they have become Divisions of Hunting, answerable primarily to those who fund their work.
Selasa, 24 April 2012
Sage Grouse Saga
Greater sage grouse, the largest grouse in North America, inhabit sage grasslands of the Intermountain West, from Colorado to the Columbia Plateau and from southern Alberta to southern Utah. Closely tied to their habitat, these grouse feed solely on the sage plant in the winter while supplementing that diet with a variety of forbs, insects and grasses during the warmer months. Unlike many game birds, they do not possess a muscular crop and cannot digest hard seeds.
Come spring, sage grouse gather in clearings (known as leks) at dawn and dusk, where the dominant males attract mates with ritualized strutting, tail fanning and a variety of noises from their air sacs; most of the females mate with only one or two of the performers. Nests are placed on the ground and females are solely responsible for both incubation and protection of the young; six to twelve eggs are generally produced. Able to forage soon after birth, the young are vulnerable to a wide range of predators, including snakes, prairie falcons, crows, magpies, badgers, coyotes, bobcats and owls.
Once abundant across the American West, greater sage grouse have long been threatened by habitat loss; their population, estimated to have been about 16 million in the early 1900s, has fallen to less than 500,000 today, a drop of 97% over the past century. The loss of sage grasslands to mining, ranching and oil production has been primarily responsible for this decline and efforts to list the greater sage grouse as an Endangered Species have been successfully blocked by Western Governors and their Federal colleagues. Perhaps a 99% population decline will be more convincing.
Come spring, sage grouse gather in clearings (known as leks) at dawn and dusk, where the dominant males attract mates with ritualized strutting, tail fanning and a variety of noises from their air sacs; most of the females mate with only one or two of the performers. Nests are placed on the ground and females are solely responsible for both incubation and protection of the young; six to twelve eggs are generally produced. Able to forage soon after birth, the young are vulnerable to a wide range of predators, including snakes, prairie falcons, crows, magpies, badgers, coyotes, bobcats and owls.
Once abundant across the American West, greater sage grouse have long been threatened by habitat loss; their population, estimated to have been about 16 million in the early 1900s, has fallen to less than 500,000 today, a drop of 97% over the past century. The loss of sage grasslands to mining, ranching and oil production has been primarily responsible for this decline and efforts to list the greater sage grouse as an Endangered Species have been successfully blocked by Western Governors and their Federal colleagues. Perhaps a 99% population decline will be more convincing.
Kamis, 19 April 2012
Back from Argentina
Swainson's hawks are back from their winter in Argentina. Working on our Littleton, Colorado, farm today, I observed several of these large buteos cavorting overhead, soaring, hovering and stooping, as if to display their pleasure in having completed a long migration. Indeed, making a roundtrip journey of more than 4000 miles each year, Swainson's hawks travel further between breeding and wintering grounds than any other American raptor (with the possible exception of Arctic breeding peregrine falcons).
Monogamous, these hawks are highly territorial during the breeding season and their high-pitched calls are commonly heard from the time of their arrival in spring until their chicks are fledged. Nests are generally constructed in large, solitary trees in open country and may be used repeatedly over the years. The female incubates the eggs and the male brings food during that time; once the chicks hatch, both parents hunt for food, which generally consists of small mammals, reptiles and birds throughout the breeding cycle. During the rest of the year, Swainson's hawks, despite their size, are known to prefer insects, feasting primarily on grasshoppers and dragonflies.
The summer breeding range of Swainson's hawks extends from western Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri to the Pacific Coast and from western Canada to northern Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. Though a bit smaller than red-tailed hawks, their long wings give them an eagle-like appearancer in flight and their plumage pattern (especially in the common white-phase subspecies) aids identification. By August, their territorial instincts have abated and Swainson's hawks begin to congregate in large flocks, drifting southward on their two month journey to the pampas of Argentina; there they have long been threatened by the use of DDT and other pesticides, highlighting the importance of international cooperation in efforts to conserve migratory birds. Fortunately, this practice has diminished and populations of this majestic buteo seem to have stabilized across most of its breeding range.
Monogamous, these hawks are highly territorial during the breeding season and their high-pitched calls are commonly heard from the time of their arrival in spring until their chicks are fledged. Nests are generally constructed in large, solitary trees in open country and may be used repeatedly over the years. The female incubates the eggs and the male brings food during that time; once the chicks hatch, both parents hunt for food, which generally consists of small mammals, reptiles and birds throughout the breeding cycle. During the rest of the year, Swainson's hawks, despite their size, are known to prefer insects, feasting primarily on grasshoppers and dragonflies.
The summer breeding range of Swainson's hawks extends from western Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri to the Pacific Coast and from western Canada to northern Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. Though a bit smaller than red-tailed hawks, their long wings give them an eagle-like appearancer in flight and their plumage pattern (especially in the common white-phase subspecies) aids identification. By August, their territorial instincts have abated and Swainson's hawks begin to congregate in large flocks, drifting southward on their two month journey to the pampas of Argentina; there they have long been threatened by the use of DDT and other pesticides, highlighting the importance of international cooperation in efforts to conserve migratory birds. Fortunately, this practice has diminished and populations of this majestic buteo seem to have stabilized across most of its breeding range.
Sabtu, 14 April 2012
Nostalgic Birding
When I pull out my old Birds of North America, by Robbins et al., words such as Lonoke, Keo and Scott appear in the margins, indicating first sightings of various birds. These are towns east of Little Rock where my birding jaunts increased significantly in the early 1980s. On my visit to eastern Arkansas this past week I was thus anxious to revisit these areas, recognizing their importance in my life and hoping to relive some of those birding memories.
As one might expect after 30 years, the landscape had changed, though not nearly as much as one might find in large urban areas of the country. Development had taken its toll on some of the fields and wetlands that I had once explored while access to others had been withdrawn. Just west of Lonoke, a large group of man-made catfish ponds had once been the local hotspot for waterfowl viewing and it was there that I first saw many species; while the ponds and ducks remain, "private property" and "no trespassing" signs now rise at every entry point and all viewing must occur from the bordering roadways. Wetlands south of Scott, my favored site for herons, egrets and other waders, are now unrecognizable, surrounded or replaced by housing developments to the point that I could not locate my old birding haunt. Of course, the farmlands that introduced me to many raptors and shorebirds remain intact and, on my visit, a huge flock of lesser golden plovers had stopped to forage on a muddy field.
Such efforts to feed our nostalgic urges often lead to mixed and disappointing results. We humans tend to erase the landscape of our past and, in the case of natural habitats, wildlife that depended on them must relocate or adapt to human development; of course, some fail to do so and their population suffers accordingly. Until we become more committed to the protection of open space, the welfare of our wild neighbors will be threatened and those of us who enjoy their company will be unable to revisit our past.
As one might expect after 30 years, the landscape had changed, though not nearly as much as one might find in large urban areas of the country. Development had taken its toll on some of the fields and wetlands that I had once explored while access to others had been withdrawn. Just west of Lonoke, a large group of man-made catfish ponds had once been the local hotspot for waterfowl viewing and it was there that I first saw many species; while the ponds and ducks remain, "private property" and "no trespassing" signs now rise at every entry point and all viewing must occur from the bordering roadways. Wetlands south of Scott, my favored site for herons, egrets and other waders, are now unrecognizable, surrounded or replaced by housing developments to the point that I could not locate my old birding haunt. Of course, the farmlands that introduced me to many raptors and shorebirds remain intact and, on my visit, a huge flock of lesser golden plovers had stopped to forage on a muddy field.
Such efforts to feed our nostalgic urges often lead to mixed and disappointing results. We humans tend to erase the landscape of our past and, in the case of natural habitats, wildlife that depended on them must relocate or adapt to human development; of course, some fail to do so and their population suffers accordingly. Until we become more committed to the protection of open space, the welfare of our wild neighbors will be threatened and those of us who enjoy their company will be unable to revisit our past.
Rabu, 04 April 2012
Urban Tornadoes
Most Americans over age 50 associate tornadoes with open country, posing a risk to cropfields, barns and small, rural communities. We long assumed that these spectacular storms could only develop over flat terrain and that the varied topography of cities would tear them apart.
However, in recent decades, as occurred yesterday in Dallas, we have witnessed an increasing impact of tornadoes on large, urban centers. Some surely see God's hand in this apparent turn of events, punishment for the decadence and sinful behavior of the urban elite; perhaps the storms are directed toward Planned Parenthood Centers or non-Christian communities.
In reality, this increased incidence of urban tornadoes reflects the same process that threatens the Florida panther and corrals prairie dogs into tiny plots across Metro Denver. Suburban sprawl and commercial development are eliminating vast tracts of open space, urban areas are merging with one another and natural habitat is rapidly disappearing. The tornadoes that once tore across prairie, forest and farmland are now cutting swaths of destruction through our ever-expanding cities. As a result, the cost imposed by these storms, both in terms of damage to structures and the loss of human life, will continue to rise.
However, in recent decades, as occurred yesterday in Dallas, we have witnessed an increasing impact of tornadoes on large, urban centers. Some surely see God's hand in this apparent turn of events, punishment for the decadence and sinful behavior of the urban elite; perhaps the storms are directed toward Planned Parenthood Centers or non-Christian communities.
In reality, this increased incidence of urban tornadoes reflects the same process that threatens the Florida panther and corrals prairie dogs into tiny plots across Metro Denver. Suburban sprawl and commercial development are eliminating vast tracts of open space, urban areas are merging with one another and natural habitat is rapidly disappearing. The tornadoes that once tore across prairie, forest and farmland are now cutting swaths of destruction through our ever-expanding cities. As a result, the cost imposed by these storms, both in terms of damage to structures and the loss of human life, will continue to rise.
Rabu, 01 Februari 2012
Nature & Government
While I am a social liberal, I am a fiscal conservative and I actually agree with many Republicans that our government is bloated and inefficient. I support simplification of the tax code, elimination of earmarks and enforcement of term limits. Unlike many conservatives, I also favor an end to corporate welfare and strongly support efforts to cut our outrageous defense budget.
On the other hand, history is replete with evidence that the federal government plays a crucial role in the protection of both civil rights and the health of our natural environment. Big business, driven by greed and focused on profits, has not demonstrated the capacity to protect either the consumer or the environment without oversight by federal agencies. From a naturalists point of view, governmental regulations have been vital to the welfare of natural ecosystems throughout this country and across the globe.
Too often, Americans jump on the bandwagon of anti-government rhetoric without giving proper consideration to the consequences. It is not until they are personally affected by mining disasters, oil spills, polluted water or tainted food that they recognize the need for federal mandates. If we let the corporate world run our environmental policy, we place the health of our citizens and that of our vital natural ecosystems at significant risk.
On the other hand, history is replete with evidence that the federal government plays a crucial role in the protection of both civil rights and the health of our natural environment. Big business, driven by greed and focused on profits, has not demonstrated the capacity to protect either the consumer or the environment without oversight by federal agencies. From a naturalists point of view, governmental regulations have been vital to the welfare of natural ecosystems throughout this country and across the globe.
Too often, Americans jump on the bandwagon of anti-government rhetoric without giving proper consideration to the consequences. It is not until they are personally affected by mining disasters, oil spills, polluted water or tainted food that they recognize the need for federal mandates. If we let the corporate world run our environmental policy, we place the health of our citizens and that of our vital natural ecosystems at significant risk.
Kamis, 26 Januari 2012
Mixing Oil & Wetlands
Since I drive a car and heat my home, it would be hypocritical of me to renounce oil production in the U.S. or elsewhere across the globe. Nevertheless, the oil industry has a tendency to minimize its potential impact on wetlands, the most productive ecosystems on our planet.
Sabine National Wildlife Refuge, in extreme southwest Louisiana, is the largest wetland preserve along the Gulf Coast, renowned for its large flocks of wintering waterfowl, its wide variety of wading birds and its resident population of American alligators and wetland mammals. Yet, oil production continues on this preserve despite a significant spill during the winter of 2002-2003 and the devastation of Hurricane Rita, in September, 2005, which spread more than 1400 barrels of toxic chemicals across the refuge. More recently, shortcuts in the startup of BP's Deepwater Horizon inundated coastal marshlands with crude oil, the worst man-made disaster in the history of the Gulf of Mexico. Now, despite concerns for potential damage to wetlands and groundwater across the unique sandhills ecosystem of western Nebraska, conservative politicians and their oil company supporters are attempting to push through the Keystone Pipeline Project before appropriate environmental studies are complete. And, of course, conservationists have been battling proposals to drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for decades.
While we cannot replace fossil fuels with "green" sources of energy overnight, it is equally short-sighted for the oil industry to minimize its impact on fragile and vital ecosystems across our planet. Oil and wetlands will not mix and we destroy those crucibles of life at our own peril.
Sabine National Wildlife Refuge, in extreme southwest Louisiana, is the largest wetland preserve along the Gulf Coast, renowned for its large flocks of wintering waterfowl, its wide variety of wading birds and its resident population of American alligators and wetland mammals. Yet, oil production continues on this preserve despite a significant spill during the winter of 2002-2003 and the devastation of Hurricane Rita, in September, 2005, which spread more than 1400 barrels of toxic chemicals across the refuge. More recently, shortcuts in the startup of BP's Deepwater Horizon inundated coastal marshlands with crude oil, the worst man-made disaster in the history of the Gulf of Mexico. Now, despite concerns for potential damage to wetlands and groundwater across the unique sandhills ecosystem of western Nebraska, conservative politicians and their oil company supporters are attempting to push through the Keystone Pipeline Project before appropriate environmental studies are complete. And, of course, conservationists have been battling proposals to drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for decades.
While we cannot replace fossil fuels with "green" sources of energy overnight, it is equally short-sighted for the oil industry to minimize its impact on fragile and vital ecosystems across our planet. Oil and wetlands will not mix and we destroy those crucibles of life at our own peril.
Jumat, 22 Juli 2011
Grizzlies in Colorado
Before white settlers and trappers reached the American West, grizzly bears were common throughout the western two-thirds of Colorado, from the Front Range to the high mesas of the Colorado Plateau. By the mid 20th Century, wildlife officials assumed that these large predators had been extirpated from the State, shot or trapped into regional extinction by ranchers, hunters and anyone else who felt threatened by their presence; indeed, the "last grizzly in Colorado" succumbed to a trapper in 1952, snared and killed in the San Juan Mountains.
Assumed to no longer inhabit the State, grizzlies were nevertheless placed on Colorado's endangered species list by the Division of Wildlife. Then, in the autumn of 1979, a lone grizzly attacked a hunter near Pagosa Springs and was killed in self defence; surely this had been the sole surviving member of the species in our State. However, scattered sightings have continued, even by persons with significant prior contact with these large omnivores; most often mentioned is the report of two seasoned hunters who encountered a female grizzly and her two cubs, near Independence Pass in 2006.
No sightings since the 1979 event have been confirmed by direct anatomic evidence but the search goes on by a number of private environmental groups (including the Colorado Grizzly Coalition); State Wildlife officials believe that grizzlies no longer inhabit Colorado but the species remains on the State's list of endangered species. Many conservationists are concerned that not enough effort is being made to locate grizzlies in the large wilderness areas of southwest Colorado and have lobbied the State to provide more funding and resources; State Wildlife officials, declaring no plan to reintroduce grizzlies, have limited their involvement to sightings of special interest, convinced that many reports arise from the misidentification of brown-colored black bears. For now, the grizzly bear is an endangered species of a State in which it does not officially reside....unless another close encounter should indicate otherwise.
Assumed to no longer inhabit the State, grizzlies were nevertheless placed on Colorado's endangered species list by the Division of Wildlife. Then, in the autumn of 1979, a lone grizzly attacked a hunter near Pagosa Springs and was killed in self defence; surely this had been the sole surviving member of the species in our State. However, scattered sightings have continued, even by persons with significant prior contact with these large omnivores; most often mentioned is the report of two seasoned hunters who encountered a female grizzly and her two cubs, near Independence Pass in 2006.
No sightings since the 1979 event have been confirmed by direct anatomic evidence but the search goes on by a number of private environmental groups (including the Colorado Grizzly Coalition); State Wildlife officials believe that grizzlies no longer inhabit Colorado but the species remains on the State's list of endangered species. Many conservationists are concerned that not enough effort is being made to locate grizzlies in the large wilderness areas of southwest Colorado and have lobbied the State to provide more funding and resources; State Wildlife officials, declaring no plan to reintroduce grizzlies, have limited their involvement to sightings of special interest, convinced that many reports arise from the misidentification of brown-colored black bears. For now, the grizzly bear is an endangered species of a State in which it does not officially reside....unless another close encounter should indicate otherwise.
Minggu, 03 Juli 2011
Moose in Colorado
When 12 moose were transplanted to North Park from Utah, in March, 1978, there was a general consensus among State Wildlife officials that these large herbivores had never been common in Colorado. In early 1979, another 18 moose were brought to the upper watershed of the North Platte River from Wyoming and, unchallenged by natural predators (wolves and grizzlies), the herd blossomed to 600 individuals by the mid 1990s; in fact, by that time, the moose had spread across the Rabbit Ears and Park Ranges, colonizing the Upper Colorado, Fraser and Upper Yampa river valleys.
Gratified by the success of this reintroduction program, the Division of Wildlife initiated a moose hunting program and transported some of the herd to the Upper Rio Grande Valley, near Creede. Continued expansion of the Colorado moose population has prompted additional transplantations within the State, including the establishment of a herd atop Grand Mesa, east of Grand Junction. Today, estimates of the Colorado moose population range from 1600 to 2000 individuals, likely far more than ever inhabited this portion of the Southern Rockies.
As one who has been interested in wildlife conservation for most of my life, I have gradually come to the conclusion that Federal and State Wildlife Departments are more closely aligned with hunting, fishing and tourism interests than they are with those who truly understand our natural ecosystems. Wildlife conservation programs must pay close attention to the balance of predator and prey populations; the rapid expansion of Colorado's moose herd over the past 30 years will surely produce negative consequences.
Gratified by the success of this reintroduction program, the Division of Wildlife initiated a moose hunting program and transported some of the herd to the Upper Rio Grande Valley, near Creede. Continued expansion of the Colorado moose population has prompted additional transplantations within the State, including the establishment of a herd atop Grand Mesa, east of Grand Junction. Today, estimates of the Colorado moose population range from 1600 to 2000 individuals, likely far more than ever inhabited this portion of the Southern Rockies.
As one who has been interested in wildlife conservation for most of my life, I have gradually come to the conclusion that Federal and State Wildlife Departments are more closely aligned with hunting, fishing and tourism interests than they are with those who truly understand our natural ecosystems. Wildlife conservation programs must pay close attention to the balance of predator and prey populations; the rapid expansion of Colorado's moose herd over the past 30 years will surely produce negative consequences.
Minggu, 19 Juni 2011
Human Paternalism
Father's Day seems like a good time to reflect on our paternalistic approach to other species. Self-designated caretakers of the planet, we often interfere with the lives of "lower" animals, rescuing them from natural predators, storms and other threats that play an important role in the balance of ecosystems.
Of course, we must try to minimize unnatural human impact on animal populations; poaching, pollution and habitat destruction via agriculture or development are continuous threats to their welfare. On the other hand, our tendency to micromanage the natural environment by culling predators, introducing alien species or directly interfering with the life cycle of other species is frought with danger. Even our humane attempts to feed orphaned creatures or rescue beached whales is ill-advised; nature is not sentimental and the adversity suffered by one animal may be a crucial bounty for another.
If we truly care about the health of natural ecosystems, it is best that we leave them alone as much as possible. Our role should be limited to the protection and restoration of habitat and the control of human activities that threaten wild populations. When our structures, chemicals or behavior are responsible for the injury or entrapment of animals, rescue is appropriate; otherwise, it is best to let nature take control, however uncomfortable that may be to witness.
Of course, we must try to minimize unnatural human impact on animal populations; poaching, pollution and habitat destruction via agriculture or development are continuous threats to their welfare. On the other hand, our tendency to micromanage the natural environment by culling predators, introducing alien species or directly interfering with the life cycle of other species is frought with danger. Even our humane attempts to feed orphaned creatures or rescue beached whales is ill-advised; nature is not sentimental and the adversity suffered by one animal may be a crucial bounty for another.
If we truly care about the health of natural ecosystems, it is best that we leave them alone as much as possible. Our role should be limited to the protection and restoration of habitat and the control of human activities that threaten wild populations. When our structures, chemicals or behavior are responsible for the injury or entrapment of animals, rescue is appropriate; otherwise, it is best to let nature take control, however uncomfortable that may be to witness.
Selasa, 24 Mei 2011
The End is Near
After wrongly predicting that human life would end this past weekend, an evangelical preacher has become the target of jokes by comedians and newsmen alike. But, from the perspective of natural history, his guess may not have been too far from the truth.
Some 13.7 billion years after the Big Bang and 4.6 billion years after the formation of our home planet, the human race is less than 150,000 years old but already facing our own extinction. The end will not likely come by time zone, as the preacher suggested, but it could unfold rather rapidly, the consequence of a major asteroid strike or supervolcano eruption. More likely, we will orchestrate our own demise, continuing to ravage the environment through excessive consumption, pollution and unbridled population growth.
While the preacher's forecast was delusional, based on religious conviction and self-importance, the assumption that man can continue to plunder the natural environment without consequence is equally short-sighted. We may have no control over asteroids and supervolcanoes but we can eliminate human behaviour that will lead to our own, untimely extinction.
Some 13.7 billion years after the Big Bang and 4.6 billion years after the formation of our home planet, the human race is less than 150,000 years old but already facing our own extinction. The end will not likely come by time zone, as the preacher suggested, but it could unfold rather rapidly, the consequence of a major asteroid strike or supervolcano eruption. More likely, we will orchestrate our own demise, continuing to ravage the environment through excessive consumption, pollution and unbridled population growth.
While the preacher's forecast was delusional, based on religious conviction and self-importance, the assumption that man can continue to plunder the natural environment without consequence is equally short-sighted. We may have no control over asteroids and supervolcanoes but we can eliminate human behaviour that will lead to our own, untimely extinction.
Senin, 23 Mei 2011
The Noise Industry
As a naturalist, I enjoy walking on the beach to the sound of crashing surf and frantic gulls. I relish tranquil bays, cathedral forests, the solitude of deserts and the quiet inspiration of mountain vistas. Unfortunately, there is a growing industry that often deprives us of such experiences.
Marketed as exciting ways to explore nature, jet skies, four-wheelers, dirt bikes and snowmobiles have invaded the landscape, polluting the environment with their noise and fumes. While essential vehicles for certain cultures and businesses, they have spawned a population of "nature lovers" who are more interested in speed and power than in the natural surroundings through which they race. Those of us who do not share their infatuation with combustion engines must, unfortunately, accept the side effects of their activity. National and State Parks, after all, are for the people, not so much for the environment.
Many who read this blog will perceive my views as just more selfish gibberish from a tree-hugging purist. I gladly accept that title if, in some small way, it would lead to more restrictions on the use of motorized noisemakers in nature preserves and wilderness areas.
Marketed as exciting ways to explore nature, jet skies, four-wheelers, dirt bikes and snowmobiles have invaded the landscape, polluting the environment with their noise and fumes. While essential vehicles for certain cultures and businesses, they have spawned a population of "nature lovers" who are more interested in speed and power than in the natural surroundings through which they race. Those of us who do not share their infatuation with combustion engines must, unfortunately, accept the side effects of their activity. National and State Parks, after all, are for the people, not so much for the environment.
Many who read this blog will perceive my views as just more selfish gibberish from a tree-hugging purist. I gladly accept that title if, in some small way, it would lead to more restrictions on the use of motorized noisemakers in nature preserves and wilderness areas.
Sabtu, 21 Mei 2011
Colorado Mountain Goats
There are few better symbols of alpine wilderness than the mountain goat; besides, their kids are downright adorable. For these reasons, this sure-footed resident of the alpine tundra appears on Colorado travel brochures and his image is utilized by a wide range of companies and organizations that cater to Colorado nature enthusiasts. Unfortunately, unlike Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep, the official State mammal, mountain goats are not native to Colorado; their natural range extends from Alaska and Canada to the mountains of Washington, Idaho and Montana.
In 1947, prompted by hunting organizations, a herd of mountain goats was transplanted from Montana to Mt. Shavano, in the Collegiate Range of central Colorado. Over the next two decades, additional groups were introduced on Mt. Evans, west of Denver, and the Gore Range, east of Vail. Well adapted to survive in the harsh environment of alpine ecosystems, the goats thrived and have since spread to nearby ranges. Controversy arose as biologists became concerned about their impact on native populations of bighorn sheep, elk, pikas and other species that share the Colorado alpine habitat; competition for limited food resources and the potential for introduced disease have been the primary concerns. Nevertheless, against the objection of wildlife biologists and despite the lack of convincing physical evidence, the Colorado Wildlife Commission officially recognized the mountain goat as a native species in 1993.
The reintroduction of extirpated native species, lost to overhunting or habitat destruction, has long been an important tool for wildlife conservationists; in Colorado, the reintroduction of lynx, river otters and moose offer excellent examples of such programs. But the introduction of alien species, often encouraged by groups with little interest in ecology, courts potential disaster. It is best to support natural diversity by restoring and protecting native habitat, reintroducing species that humans have annihilated and then letting nature take control. Mountain goats are fascinating animals that deserve protection across their native range; however, they do not belong in Colorado and a vigorous, unpopular control program will likely become necessary in the near future.
In 1947, prompted by hunting organizations, a herd of mountain goats was transplanted from Montana to Mt. Shavano, in the Collegiate Range of central Colorado. Over the next two decades, additional groups were introduced on Mt. Evans, west of Denver, and the Gore Range, east of Vail. Well adapted to survive in the harsh environment of alpine ecosystems, the goats thrived and have since spread to nearby ranges. Controversy arose as biologists became concerned about their impact on native populations of bighorn sheep, elk, pikas and other species that share the Colorado alpine habitat; competition for limited food resources and the potential for introduced disease have been the primary concerns. Nevertheless, against the objection of wildlife biologists and despite the lack of convincing physical evidence, the Colorado Wildlife Commission officially recognized the mountain goat as a native species in 1993.
The reintroduction of extirpated native species, lost to overhunting or habitat destruction, has long been an important tool for wildlife conservationists; in Colorado, the reintroduction of lynx, river otters and moose offer excellent examples of such programs. But the introduction of alien species, often encouraged by groups with little interest in ecology, courts potential disaster. It is best to support natural diversity by restoring and protecting native habitat, reintroducing species that humans have annihilated and then letting nature take control. Mountain goats are fascinating animals that deserve protection across their native range; however, they do not belong in Colorado and a vigorous, unpopular control program will likely become necessary in the near future.
Senin, 02 Mei 2011
The Nature of Yard Work
Despised as just another chore during our teen years, yard work is a favorite activity for many adults. After all, it gets us outdoors, affords plenty of exercise, allows us to reconnect with nature and rewards us with garden foods and the beauty of flowering plants.
Of course, our definition of natural beauty varies and our individual preferences can lead to household conflicts. Some prefer manicured landscapes with broad, uniform lawns, evenly trimmed shrubs, neatly spaced plants and store-bought mulch. Others, myself included, favor limited lawn space, broad, naturalized borders and self-sustaining perennials. Perhaps the primary source of disagreement arises with the decision to use or ban fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and other products that are marketed to yield pristine, weed-free, insect-controlled lawns and gardens. After all, one must compete with the neighbors.
If you, like most naturalists, want a property with a diverse population of wildlife, it's best to utilize native plants, establish wild borders, minimize lawn space and abolish the use of artificial chemicals. You'll still have enough to keep you busy but you'll have more time to enjoy your wild neighbors and they will benefit from your pollution-free patch of earth.
Of course, our definition of natural beauty varies and our individual preferences can lead to household conflicts. Some prefer manicured landscapes with broad, uniform lawns, evenly trimmed shrubs, neatly spaced plants and store-bought mulch. Others, myself included, favor limited lawn space, broad, naturalized borders and self-sustaining perennials. Perhaps the primary source of disagreement arises with the decision to use or ban fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and other products that are marketed to yield pristine, weed-free, insect-controlled lawns and gardens. After all, one must compete with the neighbors.
If you, like most naturalists, want a property with a diverse population of wildlife, it's best to utilize native plants, establish wild borders, minimize lawn space and abolish the use of artificial chemicals. You'll still have enough to keep you busy but you'll have more time to enjoy your wild neighbors and they will benefit from your pollution-free patch of earth.
Selasa, 19 April 2011
Naturalist Philosophy
We naturalists may have our individual areas of expertise but our primary interest is in the diversity of life, the interdependence of plants and animals and the relationship of life forms to their physical environment. And while we enjoy visiting National Parks and Wildlife Refuges, we know that there is a lifetime of nature study within our own communities.
This interest in natural ecosystems spawns a commitment to conservation, primarily through the protection of native habitat; beyond the establishment of nature preserves, we know that unbridled development, environmental pollution and excessive consumption are the primary threats to these ecosystems and that damage to one will, in time, affect all others.
But the overriding tenet of naturalist philosophy is that man is an integral part of nature, not a chosen species, created to oversee, manipulate and plunder our wild neighbors and home planet. This delusion arises from our superior brain power, the one and only trait in which we excel; indeed, our physical capabilities pale in comparison with other creatures. In the overall scheme of nature, we are far more expendable than fungi, photosynthetic plants and pollinating insects; it is this realization that humbles the naturalist and makes us understand that the welfare of humankind is directly tied to the health of our natural environment.
This interest in natural ecosystems spawns a commitment to conservation, primarily through the protection of native habitat; beyond the establishment of nature preserves, we know that unbridled development, environmental pollution and excessive consumption are the primary threats to these ecosystems and that damage to one will, in time, affect all others.
But the overriding tenet of naturalist philosophy is that man is an integral part of nature, not a chosen species, created to oversee, manipulate and plunder our wild neighbors and home planet. This delusion arises from our superior brain power, the one and only trait in which we excel; indeed, our physical capabilities pale in comparison with other creatures. In the overall scheme of nature, we are far more expendable than fungi, photosynthetic plants and pollinating insects; it is this realization that humbles the naturalist and makes us understand that the welfare of humankind is directly tied to the health of our natural environment.
Rabu, 13 April 2011
April on the Beach
An April walk on Longboat Key's beaches offers many clues that change is in the air. Laughing gulls, now adorned in their black summer hoods, have abandoned their large, noisy flocks and rest in pairs on the sand or cuddle on channel markers. So too have royal terns selected their breeding partners and hunt in pairs above the gulf swells or placid bay waters.
Lanky willets, having wintered in small groups, now gather in large flocks, preparing to depart for the Northern Plains; a minority will remain in Florida throughout the year. Sanderlings, having spent the winter racing ahead of waves in harmonious flocks, are now testy, chasing one another across the beach; other migrants, including black-bellied plovers, ruddy turnstones, red knots and short-billed dowitchers are molting to their breeding plumage and will soon abandon their winter home. In contrast, flocks of least terns have arrived from wintering grounds in Central America and will now disperse to isolated beaches of the Gulf Coast and sand spits of the major Midwest rivers to raise their young.
Many humans who visit the Gulf Coast in mid April will enjoy the pleasant weather and sparsely populated beaches but will pay little attention to the appearance and behavior of their avian counterparts; to them, gulls are gulls, terns are gulls and every shorebird is a sandpiper. Those of us who enjoy the diversity and seasonal fluctuations of natural populations pity their lack of interest and are concerned that such apathy, while not malicious, is a significant threat to the conservation movement.
Lanky willets, having wintered in small groups, now gather in large flocks, preparing to depart for the Northern Plains; a minority will remain in Florida throughout the year. Sanderlings, having spent the winter racing ahead of waves in harmonious flocks, are now testy, chasing one another across the beach; other migrants, including black-bellied plovers, ruddy turnstones, red knots and short-billed dowitchers are molting to their breeding plumage and will soon abandon their winter home. In contrast, flocks of least terns have arrived from wintering grounds in Central America and will now disperse to isolated beaches of the Gulf Coast and sand spits of the major Midwest rivers to raise their young.
Many humans who visit the Gulf Coast in mid April will enjoy the pleasant weather and sparsely populated beaches but will pay little attention to the appearance and behavior of their avian counterparts; to them, gulls are gulls, terns are gulls and every shorebird is a sandpiper. Those of us who enjoy the diversity and seasonal fluctuations of natural populations pity their lack of interest and are concerned that such apathy, while not malicious, is a significant threat to the conservation movement.
Senin, 20 Desember 2010
Merry Consumption!
It's the most wonderful time of the year....especially for retailers. Pressured by tradition and expectations, Christians of all kind, from timid secular participants to evangelical zealots, invade the malls, spending lavishly to shower one another with the latest outfits and gadgets. Though bought with loved ones in mind, the gifts also soothe the mind of the purchaser, who must fight the guilt that pervades this season.
While born of a simple story about a charismatic figure who, by all accounts, led a spartan life, Christmas has become a three-month event, focused on extravagant consumption. Some might argue that this annual frenzy, instigated by Big Business and promoted by its army of advertisers, is crucial to the global economy but, in the end, those of us in "developed" countries receive far more than we truly need.
Excess consumption, combined with unbridled population growth, is perhaps the greatest threat to natural ecosystems across our planet. The acquisition of raw materials, the industrial production of consumer goods, the transportation of those products, the trashing of unwanted or used items and secondary pollution at all stages of this cycle degrade the health of our environment. Learning to live with less is the ultimate key to conservation.
While born of a simple story about a charismatic figure who, by all accounts, led a spartan life, Christmas has become a three-month event, focused on extravagant consumption. Some might argue that this annual frenzy, instigated by Big Business and promoted by its army of advertisers, is crucial to the global economy but, in the end, those of us in "developed" countries receive far more than we truly need.
Excess consumption, combined with unbridled population growth, is perhaps the greatest threat to natural ecosystems across our planet. The acquisition of raw materials, the industrial production of consumer goods, the transportation of those products, the trashing of unwanted or used items and secondary pollution at all stages of this cycle degrade the health of our environment. Learning to live with less is the ultimate key to conservation.
Kamis, 25 November 2010
A Global Thanksgiving
On this American holiday of Thanksgiving, most of us will give thanks for our human possessions and relationships. But our lives, our health and our society are dependent upon the background support of Earth's natural ecosystems.
Those who do focus on the benefits of nature are likely to mention spectacular sunsets, beautiful scenery, wondrous night skies and the inspiration of our magnificent diversity of wildlife. In referring to the latter, there will be reference to eagles, whales, wild horses and other creatures that humans hold in high esteem. Few will give thanks for fungi or beetles or earthworms, yet, their presence and activity is as vital to our welfare as any other life forms that share this planet.
Indeed, all life on Earth is interdependent. Diverse human cultures, while prone to disagreement and conflict, must learn to cooperate if our species is to survive. And we humans, inclined toward self importance, could not survive without the support of our planet's "lowest" plants and animals. It is thus appropriate that we give thanks for life itself, in whatever form it may exist, and dedicate ourselves to its protection and conservation.
Those who do focus on the benefits of nature are likely to mention spectacular sunsets, beautiful scenery, wondrous night skies and the inspiration of our magnificent diversity of wildlife. In referring to the latter, there will be reference to eagles, whales, wild horses and other creatures that humans hold in high esteem. Few will give thanks for fungi or beetles or earthworms, yet, their presence and activity is as vital to our welfare as any other life forms that share this planet.
Indeed, all life on Earth is interdependent. Diverse human cultures, while prone to disagreement and conflict, must learn to cooperate if our species is to survive. And we humans, inclined toward self importance, could not survive without the support of our planet's "lowest" plants and animals. It is thus appropriate that we give thanks for life itself, in whatever form it may exist, and dedicate ourselves to its protection and conservation.
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